Preposition ( In,On,At )

A.      Definition :

Preposition is the word that usually put before a noun or pronoun, which is specify place, direction, and time.

B.      Purpose :

Preposition is the word before noun or pronoun that used to show place, position, time or method.

C.      The Kinds of Preposition

1.       Time Prepositions

Time Prepositions are used to state what time an event happened or will happen. Time prepositions usually come before nouns or pronouns. Preposition never come before a verb.

a.       Time Preposition ‘ In ‘

We use Preposition ‘In’ for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.

Example :

·         He’s going to quit in August

·         It’s too cold in winter to run outside

b.      Time Preposition ‘On’

We use Preposition ‘On’ to designate days and dates

Example :

·         We’re having a party on the Fourth of July

·         Where will you be on New Year’s Day ?

c.       Time Preposition ‘At’

We use Preposition ‘At’ to designate specific times.

·         I got up early at 3 o’clock this morning.

·         Jane went home at lunch time

d.      The example for dialogue

Nadya   : When is the wedding?

Maria    : It’s in June

Nadya   : What day is it ?

Maria    : It’s on Saturday, the 25^th

Nadya   : What time ?

Maria    : It starts at 06:00

2.       Place Prepositions ( In, On, At )

Place Preposition are the prepositions the used to describe the place or position of all types of nouns. It is common for the preposition to be placed before the noun.

a.       Place Preposition ‘In’

We use Preposition ‘In’ for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries and continents)

Example :

·         Durham is in Windham County

b.      Place Preposition ‘On’

We use Preposition ‘On’ to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.

Example :

·         SMAN 2 Palangka Raya is on K.S Tubun street

c.       Place Preposition ‘At’

We use preposition ‘At’ for specific addresses.

Example :

Andre and Ryan lives at Paus XX Street number 40.

d.      The Example for the Dialogue

Jerim     : Where’s your office ?

Tyng      : In Taipei, Taiwan.

Jerim     : Really? What part of Taipei?

Tyng      : It’s on Chung Shan North Road.

Jerim     : I know that area. Where exactly is it?

Tyng      : It’s at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore.

Vocabulary around the House

Asking if somenone remember or not

Definition :

Asking if someone remember or not can be explained is as a situation when we ask to someone about something ( usually seriously ) that they remember or not remember about it.

Purpose :

Purpose of the topic is to remember someone about something that important.

Example :

1.       Formal expression

v  Example :

a.       I wonder if you remember …

b.      You remember … , don’t you ?

c.       You haven’t forgotten …, have you ?

d.      Don’t you remember … ?

e.      Do you happen to remember it now ?

v  Respond :

a.       Let me think, Yes I remember.

b.      I remember especially the scenery

c.       I’ll never forget about that.

d.      I’ll always remember.

e.      I can remember it clearly.

2.       Informal expression :

v  Example :

a.       Remember the old house we used to live in ?

b.      Remember that ?

c.       I’m sorry  I don’t remember.

v  Respond :

a.       Hold on. Yes, got it !

b.      I know …

c.       It’s coming back to me now.

v  Respond if  forget :

a.       Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten

b.      I’m afraid I forget

c.       I really can’t remember

d.      I’m afraid I have no memory of him

e.      Let me think. No, it’s gone

Example dialogue :

1.       On Sunday Olvie up early, then she showered and wearing office clothes.

Dhea     : Hey, Olvie. Where would you wear service dress ?

Olvie      : I want to go to the office, why ?

Dhea     : Did you forget? This is the day of the week!

Olvie      : Oh my God! I forgot! Hahaha -,-

Offering Expression

Definition of Offering Expression :

Offering Expression is an Expression that we used when we offer something or help to other people.

Offering to older people:

• Would you like a cup of tea, Mr. Michael?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of strawberry juice, Mrs. Selena?
• Would you care for some salad ?

Offering to friends:

• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of Strawberry Juice?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Accepting an offer:

• Thank you
• Yes, please
• I’d like it very much
• Thank you, I would
• That would be very nice

Declining an offer:

• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t. Thank you.
• Not for me, thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry

Simple Future Tense

Definition of simple future tense :

Simple future tense is a verb tense expressing future time.

When we use the Simple Future Tense ?

We use the Simple Future tense when we want to talk about future actions or happenings.

PATTERN :

*Going to

A. Verb

(+) S + To be + Going to + Verb I + O + Adverb

(-) S + To be + Not + Going to + Verb I + Adverb

(?) To be + S + Going to + Verb I + O + Adverb

Example :

(+) You are going to read news paper Tomorrow

(-) You are not going to read news paper Tomorrow

(?) Are you going to read news paper Tomorrow ?

Respond : Yes, I am

B. Non Verb

(+) S + To be + Going to + Be + Adjective

(-) S + To be + Not + Going to + Be + Adjective

(?) To be + S + Going to + Be + Adjective

Example :

(+) My father is going to be happy

(-) My father is not going to be happy

(?) Is my father going to be happy ?

Respond :

-          Yes, He is

-          No, He is not

*Will

(+) S + Will + Verb I + Adverb

(-) S + Will + Not + Verb I + Adverb

(?) Will + S + Verb I + Adverb ?

Example :

-          They will visit Tokyo

-          They will not visit Tokyo

-          Will They visit Tokyo ?

Respond :

-          Yes, I will

-          No, I won’t

-          Sure

-          Of Course

-          Yes

What is the difference between “will” dan “going to” ?

*We usually use going to when the situation is planned

*We usually use will + verb when the situation is unplanned or informal writing.

Note :

·         “ TO BE” – PRESENT ( Is, Am, Are )

·         Time signal : Later, Tomorrow, Next … ( Next week, Next month, Next year, Next century ), Next Time, etc.

Asking for Information Using WH Questions

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.


The use of WH-Questions : 
What 
When 
Where 
Why 
Who 
How

Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name? 
When was ……. He born? 
Where are ………. The tickets? 
Why were …………. They here? 
Who are ……….. Those people? 
How is ……. Puput? 

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
etc

Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this movie 
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it? 
Do you know the plot? 
Could you find out the solution? 
Could I ask about the conflict? 
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.

Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the pen 
It could be … somewhere in the canteen 
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf 
I think it’s … not there anymore 
It looks like … someone has taken the book 
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student 

Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English

1. What is this? This is a white board
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. Andre? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Nadya? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Tyng? He’s in the restaurant.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious

Modal in The Past Form

The other class of auxiliaries is made up of the ones in the illustration. The function only as auxiliaries and do not change grammatical form in the way verbs do. These are called modal auxiliaries. Some of them do function as the past the past tense form of some of the others. May changes to might, will to would, can changes to could, and shall changes to should.

Modal in the Past Form

Modals
Present	Past
Can	Could
Will	Would
Shall	Should
May	Might

1.       Could + Verb base

v  To express ability to do something

Example : I could speak English

v  To express ability, subject to certain conditions which probably do not exist.

Examples : I could go now, if I wanted to ( I don’t want to )

                 When I was sixteen, I could dance all night ( If circumstances permitted)

v  To express polite question

Example : Could I go to the cinema, please ?

v  To express polite request

Examples : Could you wait a moment, please ?

v  To express polite offer

Example : I could lend you my car till tomorrow

v  To express polite suggestion

Example : Could we visit Grandma at the weekend ?

v  To express possibility

Example : It could get very hot in Montana

2.       Would + Verb base

v  To express wish, request ( more polite than will )

Example : would you shut the door, please ?

v  To express habits in the past

Example : Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

v  Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example : I would rather visit Italia than Paris 

3.       Should + Verb base

v  To give definite advice ( advisability )

Example : You should drive carefully in bad weather

v  To express the subject’s obligation or duty

Examples : You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

They shouldn’t allow parking here, the street is too narrow.

4.       Might + Verb base

v  To tell possibilities

Examples : It might rain today

                I might accompany you, but it does not appear very likely

v  To express polite request

Example : Might I borrow your coat ?

v  To express hesitant offer

Example : Might We help you ?

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tenses according to the ruler and categories of languages in which it occurs.

· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences

· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences

· In English only verb in contain mob the finite. These includes :

→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.

Example : Tyng is going to cook

→ Imperative mood , giving a command

example : Help me, Please !

Don't do it !

Finite Verbs

A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural).

For example:-
I live in Germay. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example:-
I travelled to Germany to improve my German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).

Noun Phrase

Definition :
A word group with a noun or pronoun as its head. The noun head can be accompanied by modifiers, determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or complements. 

The Noun examples :
•Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
•Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
•Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
•Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
•Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship


The Functions of Nouns in Sentences :
1.Subject of the sentence 
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)



Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen


The noun phrases in English composed of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head                   : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification  : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.


Example 1 :
Inna   : Do you like books ?
Artha : Yes, I like them.
Inna   : Do you like books over there?
Artha : Yes, they are nice.
Inna   : Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
Artha : Yes, I like it.


Example 2 :
- Nicko was late
( Nicko is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)


- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student


- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.

Direct and Indirect Speed

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”

2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”

3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”

4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”

5. You said, “I will come to help him.”

6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”

Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

Time change

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
This (evening)	›	That (evening)
Today	›	Yesterday
These (days)	›	Those (days)
Now	›	Then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
Last weekend	›	The weekend before last / the previous weekend
Here	›	There
Next (week)	›	The following (week)
Tomorrow	›	The next/following day

Tense change

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple  She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous  She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple  She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous  She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple  She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous  She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect  She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.